The AHS Blog
![Journal Volume 35 Issue 1](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/Journal_cover_vol35_iss1.width-600.jpg)
Chronometers in hell
This post was written by Peter de Clercq
In my previous post, ‘Having a smashing time’, we saw how watches are being tested for shock resistance, which can involve some pretty heavy handling.
Another method of testing timepieces is prolonged exposure to heat and cold. This was especially important for marine chronometers, who would travel to all parts of the globe, so it was important to determine to what degree their rate was affected by temperature fluctuations.
The Time Department at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, where the rate of chronometers was tested, had a large oven in which chronometers were kept for eight weeks at a temperature of about 85 or 90 degrees Fahrenheit, that is around 30 degrees Celsius.
![The chronometer oven at Greenwich, as illustrated in in E. Walter Maunders, The Royal Observatory Greenwich - a glance at its history and work (1900).](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/chronometer-oven-Greenwich-from-Maunders.width-600.jpg)
A recent article in Antiquarian Horology had a section on chronometer testing facilities in 19th-century Germany.
In Hamburg they had both an ice cellar and a gas-heated oven. The naval observatory in Wilhelmshaven was less well equipped:
'Neither an ice cellar nor a heating apparatus was available. The radiators of the central heating acted as makeshift for the latter, and tests in lower temperatures were conducted in winter by opening the windows. Sometimes the required temperature of 5º could not be reached due to mild weather'.
![The first building for testing of chronometers erected in 1876 on the premises of the Hamburg astronomical observatory, had both a Raum für hohe Temperatur (ground floor, top left) and an ice cellar (bottom right). From Eugen Gelcich, Geschichte der Uhrmacherkunst, Weimar 18925, plate X](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/The-first-building-for-testing-chronometers-fr.width-600.jpg)
![The gas-heated oven in the first building for testing of chronometers. From Eugen Gelcich, Geschichte der Uhrmacherkunst, Weimar 18925, plate XI](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/The-gas-heated-oven-from-Gelcich-Plate-XI.width-600.jpg)
Manufacturers of chronometers could have their own heat and cold testing apparatus.
An oven and an ice-box used by the London-based watch and clockmakers Daniel Desbois and Sons are in the Museum of the History of Science in Oxford. Normally these two objects are kept in storage, but some years ago they were taken out for display in a temporary exhibition ‘Time Machines’.
When I visited the exhibition, the curator, Dr Stephen Johnston, told me that at first sight some visitors thought the ice box was a toilet!
![Copper-covered oven in which chronometers were placed to check their performance at high temperatures. Photo © Museum of the History of Science, Oxford](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/The-oven-MHS-11092_1.width-600.jpg)
![Icebox for testing the performance of marine chronometers. They were placed inside the cylindrical tin and surrounded by ice. Photo © Museum of the History of Science, Oxford](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/The-ice-box-MHS-11052-2.width-600.jpg)
Sir George Airy, the late Astronomer Royal from 1835 to 1881, in one of his popular lectures drew a humorous comparison between the unhappy chronometers, thus doomed to trial, now in heat and now in frost, and the lost spirits whom Dante describes as alternately plunged in flame and ice.
He was referring to Dante’s La Divina Comedia, Book One: Hell, III, 76-82:
'There, steering toward us in an ancient ferry came an old man with a white bush of hair, bellowing: “Woe to you depraved souls! Bury here and forever all hope of Paradise: I come to lead you to the other shore, into eternal dark, into fire and ice.”'
Commemorating an invasion that never happened
This post was written by Rory McEvoy
Last month saw the bicentenary of the Battle of Waterloo and the end of the Napoleonic era. To mark the anniversary, this week’s blog posting looks at two curious watch dials. The unusual point being that they both appear to come from the same manufacturer, but were made to celebrate victories on both sides of the conflict. One of which never happened.
![Gillray's print showing the 'Republican flotilla in danger' © NMM Ref. PW3949](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/PW3949-1024x472.width-600.jpg)
The first of the two watch dials was made around 1798 when the prospect of a French invasion of England was real and, for many, a terrifying prospect.
Rumours abounded of the French rafts that would carry tens of thousands of troops and weapons to English shores. The images of these vessels distributed by the printmakers ranged from the allegedly factual to the overtly ridiculous.
The French perspective was bullish about the prospect of invasion. Not only were they confident of success, but they also believed that the English would, for the most part, welcome the invasion.
Gillray’s print (above) records that there were indeed those who may have welcomed the French. Whig collaborators are shown on the right-hand-side of the picture trying to winch the French transporter ashore and their efforts are being foiled by Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, seen as the wind blowing the flotilla to destruction.
![The 'descente en Angleterre' watch dial. ©NMM Ref.](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/1111.width-600.jpg)
The dial depicts the ‘descente en Angleterre’ with a more traditional fleet of ships sailing towards the heavily defended English shoreline and serves as a useful glimpse into the mind of the manufacturer, keen to capitalize on the bullish French mood of early 1798.
The scene on the second dial is identifiable as the Battle of the Nile because of the burning ship on the left-hand-side of the image. This represents the French Flagship, L’Orient, which exploded with such violence that fighting was temporarily halted and it became a symbolic feature in popular representations of the Battle.
![Commemorating the Battle of the Nile © Pieces of Time, December, 2012](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/Nile-comm-Piecesof-time-december-2012.width-600.jpg)
There is a near-identical row of box-shaped buildings placed along the horizon on both dials. This suggests that they both came from the same source. Such buildings seem more appropriate for the northern coast of Africa than the southern shores of Britain and so it was probably a generic depiction preferred by the artist.
![Details from the 'descente' (above) and Nile (below) watch dials, showing the similar depiction of buildings](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/1111-copy.width-600.jpg)
As an asides, the invasion watch dial has a later counterpart in the Museum’s medal collection. A rare sample medal was struck in 1804 with dies intended to be used in London by the victorious French conquerors. Despite amassing a substantial force in the Boulogne area, the embarkation was prevented, principally by the diversion of troops and resources to the Battle of Ulm and, secondarily, by the English blockades.
![Sample medals to celebrate the invasion. Reverse marked: frappe a Londres en 1804 © NMM Ref. MEC0831](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/medals-1024x519.width-600.jpg)
Inspired reforms – magnificent outcomes
This post was written by James Nye
In May 2014, I blogged about a competition to devise uses for new-old stock 1950s Calibre 5000 Reform movements that had turned up at the annual Mannheim electro-fair.
![The competition announcement](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/1_HwMBj1c.width-600.jpg)
I judged the entries on 24 May this year, and what an amazing event to witness. Here was a beautifully executed movement, simple, reliable, long-lived, but criminal to hide.
How to incorporate it in a modern design, and achieve a functional clock, when the attractive side of the movement would necessarily normally face the rear? In significant style, it turns out……
![Pure schlock!](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/2_eKy7FwM.width-600.jpg)
Ivo Creutzfeldt ignored convention and went for pure schlock with his tongue-in-cheek ‘winged chariot entry’.
![Minimalist and modern](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/3_e4n9S15.width-600.jpg)
Thomas Schraven offered a couple of entries, one channelling a strong modernist theme – using two movements, one for display, the other for timekeeping.
![Brilliant digital mug concept](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/4_nY3qq2y.width-600.jpg)
Eddy Odell showed considerable lateral thought, introducing the movement into a glass mug, keeping the movement visible to the top, while driving digital minute and hour bands in the base, the battery neatly hidden.
![3D printing and tourbillon design](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/5_Lt3BMbF.width-600.jpg)
Till Lotterman and his home team colleagues offered a remarkable test exercise. Using original parts, they recut elements to form a tourbillon, brought out on the dial side of the movement, achieving real spectacle ( film here).
Not only this, they 3D printed a stylish stainless steel dial, and also 3D printed an open-sided plastic tubular case, with internal mirror to reflect the movement. Later we were treated to a lecture on the extraordinary possibilities emerging for 3D printing.
![Outstanding urban diorama – a VW/Reform extravaganza](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/6_KVUvOud.width-600.jpg)
Finally, the most talked about item in the competition, Frank Dunkel’s inspired diorama clock, using the Reform at the centre of a roundabout, driving hidden arms carrying neodymium magnets, in turn propelling a VW Beetle (minutes) and VW van (hours) against perimeter hour markers ( film here ).
Power even arrives by wire supported on telegraph poles. Absolutely inspired!
![Triumphant reformers!](https://ahs.contentfiles.net/media/images/7_WRqQ1VO.width-600.jpg)
The whole party retired to a restaurant for the evening, at which, amidst characteristically heroic levels of consumption, we celebrated the amazing results of our competition – prizes all round.